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Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including Roman Military Jurisdiction and the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the 12 Tables (c. 449 BC), to the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'' (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. The historical importance of Roman law is reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in legal systems influenced by it.
After the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, the Justinian Code remained in effect in the Eastern Roman Empire, known in the modern era as the Byzantine Empire (331–1453). From the 7th century onward, the legal language in the East was Greek.
"Roman law" also denotes the legal system applied in most of Western Europe until the end of the 18th century. In Germany, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the Holy Roman Empire (963–1806). Roman law thus served as a basis for legal practice throughout Western continental Europe, as well as in most former colonies of these European nations, including Latin America, and also in Ethiopia. English and North American common law were influenced also by Roman law, notably in their Latinate legal glossary (for example, ''stare decisis'', ''culpa in contrahendo'', ''pacta sunt servanda'').〔In Germany, Art. 311 BGB〕 Eastern Europe was also influenced by the jurisprudence of the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', especially in countries such as medieval Romania (Wallachia, Moldova, and some other medieval provinces/historical regions) which created a new system, a mixture of Roman and local law. Also, Eastern European law was influenced by the "Farmer's Law" of the medieval Byzantine legal system.
== Development ==
Before the Twelve Tables (754–449 BC), private law comprised the Roman civil law (''ius civile Quiritium'') that applied only to Roman citizens, and was bonded to religion; undeveloped, with attributes of strict formalism, symbolism, and conservatism, e.g. the ritual practice of mancipatio (a form of sale). The jurist Sextus Pomponius said, "At the beginning of our city, the people began their first activities without any fixed law, and without any fixed rights: all things were ruled despotically, by kings". It is believed that Roman Law is rooted in the Etruscan religion, emphasising ritual.〔Jenő Szmodis: ''The Reality of the Law—From the Etruscan Religion to the Postmodern Theories of Law''; Ed. Kairosz, Budapest, 2005.; http://www.jogiforum.hu/publikaciok/231.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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